Introduction
The Theory of Forms or Ideas, according to the Greek philosopher Plato, is a challenging concept to grasp but represents the truest form of knowledge. To better understand the Theory of Forms, in his work Republic, Plato presented what we now know as ‘The Allegory of the Cave.’ It is written as a dialogue between Plato’s mentor Socrates and his brother Glaucon in an attempt to symbolize the restrictions on our ability to comprehend reality vs. perception.
In this dialogue, Socrates asks Glaucon to imagine a cave. In a dark corner of the cave, there is a group of chained prisoners who have been there since childhood. They are bound in such a way that they are forced to look at nothing other than the wall in front of them. Their only source of light in the cave is a fire, burning and flickering behind them. People occasionally passed by the fire, carrying various objects. The voices and footsteps echoed throughout the cave, and the shadows cast clearly on the wall that the chained prisoners were forced to face. Since the prisoners couldn’t even so much as turn their heads – not to see one another nor the objects, they perceived the shadows as the real objects.
The Allegory of the Cave: Unveiling the Illusion of Reality
One day, a prisoner is freed from the chains. He is dragged out from the cave toward sunlight for the very first time and experiences intense pain from the brightness of the sun. At first, he begins to see shadows, but as his eyes adjust, he begins to see the actual things themselves. When the prisoner is told that the things he is seeing are real and the shadows are nothing more than an illusion, he refuses to believe it. He feels overwhelmed and desperate to return to the cave, the only place he ever knew. But slowly, he began to accept his new reality. He began to enjoy the sights and colors of this new world and one day, he even looked up directly at the sun, the source of everything he had seen.
The sun reminded him of his days in the dark cave and his fellow prisoners. He thinks of their time together, no longer feeling connected to their world. He begins to feel sorry for them and decides to return to the cave to tell them all about this new world that he discovered. When he returns to the cave, he has a hard time navigating and seeing the shadows as he is no longer used to the darkness. As a result, the other prisoners think that his journey outside has made him blind and weak. When he comes closer and tries to free them, they violently resist, going as far as trying to kill the one attempting to free them.
In this allegory, the cave represents our everyday life and reality. We (the people) represent the prisoners. For the entire course of our lives, we consider what’s being projected in front of us as the absolute truth. Living in a material world of constant change and impermanence, our present constantly deceives us. Even our own sensory perceptions oftentimes deceive us. Things come and go, live and die. In such a world, it is almost impossible to find absolute, eternal, concrete truth. We mindlessly conform to whatever society dictates, mesmerized by the shadows, interpreting them as real. Since we know nothing else, the chains that hold us bring us comfort. We never stop to question the fact that the shadows we see can be manipulated or changed in some way. And much like the prisoner who was freed from the cave and saw sunlight for the first time, leaving our comfort zone can be an incredibly painful and scary experience; after all, the truth always hurts.
Plato’s Theory of Forms: Beyond the Material World
Plato claims, however, that behind this world of deceitful, unreliable, and temporary world of appearances lies a world that is absolute, reliable, and permanent – the world of Forms or Ideas. He divides the two worlds into two categories: The Visible World and The Intelligible World. The Visible World, the material/physical realm of our experience, is the world that surrounds us: the things we see, feel, and experience every day; it is a tangible world of change and uncertainty. Beyond the world that we experience every day is the Intelligible World, a non-physical realm that consists of the products of reason: things such as mathematics and abstract definitions, where we assume hypotheses to reach final conclusions.
The Intelligible World is also the one in which the Forms exist. Forms are abstract, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend space and time. They are the perfect, non-physical essence of all things, of which objects and matter in the physical world are just mere imitations. The Forms are superior to any particular thing or mental image of that thing because they’re perfect, and they never deteriorate, nor do they ever cease to exist. Plato also noted that while the physical realm, The Visible World, is perceived through our senses, The Intelligible World can only be perceived through intellect and contemplation. He argued that it is only the intuitive knowledge of the Forms that enables us to identify things for what they truly are.
In addition to material objects and matter, there are also moral Forms, including things such as Justice, Beauty, Truth, and Goodness. Since Justice, Beauty, and Truth are all good things, they all participate in the Form of Goodness; therefore, the Form of Goodness (represented by the sun in the allegory) is superior to all other Forms. Since all things and objects aspire to be good, it is the Form of all the Forms. Much like the sun in the allegory, the Good illuminates all other Forms. According to Plato, the Forms, though non-physical, represent the most accurate reality. He believed that true knowledge does not come from the temporary, material things and imperfect intellect that we come across throughout our daily lives; rather, it comes from contemplation and investigation of the perfect models after which all things in existence are formed. This further concludes that, according to Plato, the Forms are the ultimate source of true knowledge.
Conclusion
I do believe that there is another realm of existence superior to the one we live and interact in as we go on about our lives. There definitely must be a source of all things, but I question the validity of the Form of Goodness as being the source. To me, it seems as though the Form of Goodness is too subjective to be a standard for all goodness, thereby being the cause of all that exists. The problem is that there is no ideal sense of goodness in isolation from actual goodness – how do we know that the Form of Goodness isn’t, in reality, a reflection of actualized well? Furthermore, although the Form of Goodness is the source of all things, the Form of Goodness must have its own source. As Plato says, the Forms, more so the Form of Goodness, is “the essence of all things, distinct from the physical world,” it more aptly seems to be a placeholder term for God. I lack the standards by which to judge Plato’s theory, but if that’s the case, then I agree with the notion.
References
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