complete the two questions from the document, use only the textbook for reference. The work must have two paragraphs at minimum. EX: One paragraph for each question .Must also include on more intext citation. Use opinions and examples in the work.
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DiscussionAdvanceTheory.docx
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THEORIESFORDIRECTSOCIALWORKPRACTICE.pdf
Chapters 11& 12. Module 6.
1. What are three differences between motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement therapy? What are three similarities? Discuss some macro-issues or social justice issues, such as perceived age, gender, or class discrimination, that clients may lack the motivation to address. How can motivational interviewing be helpful for resolving their ambivalence?
2. Think about the kinds of clients seen by social workers for whom narrative interventions would and would not be appropriate. What is the difference? Can narrative interventions be incorporated into other clinical interventions without violating the essence of the approach?
According to Walsh (2015), “The purpose of motivational enhancement therapies is to assist clients reach a certain objective, whereas motivational interviewing is a collection of techniques for talking with clients to help them overcome their ambivalence and reaching a goal.” (pg. 255). The similarities of motivational interviewing and motivational enhancement therapy consists of both providing change to individuals,
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JOSEPH WALSH Virginia Commonwealth University
Theories for Direct Social Work Practice
T H I R D E D I T I O N
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013941369
Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-285-75024-8 ISBN-10: 1-285-75024-1
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Brief Contents
PREFACE xv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix
1 Thinking about Theory 1
2 A Social Work Perspective on Theory and Practice 18
3 Person-Centered Theory 33
4 Ego Psychology 55
5 The Relational Theories, with a Focus on Object Relations 85
6 Family Emotional Systems Theory 113
7 Behavior Theory 146
8 Cognitive Theory 171
9 Structural Family Theory 202
10 Solution-Focused Therapy 233
11 Motivational Interviewing and Enhancement Therapy 255
12 Narrative Theory 278
13 Crisis Theory and Intervention 306
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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
REFERENCES 333
AUTHOR INDEX 369
SUBJECT INDEX 382
iv B R I E F C O N T E N T S
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Contents
PREFACE xv
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xix
1 Thinking about Theory 1
What Is a Theory? 2
What Is a Practice Theory? 3
The Relationship Between Theory and Intervention Techniques 4
The Functions of Theory 6
Curative Factors in All Practice Theories 7
Selecting Theories for Practice 8
Eclecticism: Pro and Con 9
The Effect of Agency Culture on Theory Selection 9
Critical Thinking 10
Social Work Research on Theory and Practice Evaluation 11
Evidence-Based Practice 12
Ways to Improve Theory and Practice Research 15
Summary 16
Topics for Discussion 16
Idea for Class Activity 17
2 A Social Work Perspective on Theory and Practice 18
Defining Direct Social Work Practice 19
The Value Base of Social Work Practice 19
Strengths-Oriented Practice 20
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some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
A Risk and Resilience Framework for Practice 22
Diversity and Multiculturalism 24
Client Empowerment 25
Limitations to Empowerment Practice 27
Empowerment and Research 27
Spirituality in Direct Practice 28
Incorporating Spirituality into Direct Practice 30
Summary 31
Topics for Discussion 31
Ideas for Assignments 32
3 Person-Centered Theory 33
Origins and Social Context 34
Major Concepts 37
Concepts Related to the Actualizing Tendency 37
Concepts Related to the Self 38
Congruence and the Fully Functioning Person 39
The Nature of Problems and Change 40
Assessment and Intervention 40
Assessment 40
Intervention 41
General Features 41
The Process of Intervention 41
Ending the Intervention 42
Spirituality and PCT 42
Attention to Social Justice Issues 43
Case Illustrations 44
The Premed Student 44
The Support Group 47
Evidence of Effectiveness 48
Specific Research on Client-Centered Theory and Therapy 48
Research on the Significance of the Practitioner/Client Relatinship 49
Criticisms of the Theory 50
Summary 51
Topics for Discussion 53
Ideas for Classroom Activities/Role-Plays 53
Person-Centered Theory Outline 54
vi C O N T E N T S
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4 Ego Psychology 55
Origins and Social Context 56
Major Concepts 58
The Drives 59
The Significance of Emotional Life 59
The Ego and Its Functions 60
The Defense Mechanisms 61
The Complexity of Defenses: Denial 64
The Nature of Problems and Change 64
Assessment and Intervention 65
Assessment 65
Intervention 66
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 66
Transference and Countertransference 67
Intervention Strategies 68
Exploration/Description/Ventilation 68
Sustainment 69
Person-Situation Reflection 69
Advice and Guidance (Direct Influence) 69
Partializing (Structuring) 70
Education 70
Developmental Reflection 70
Endings in Ego Psychology 71
Spirituality and the Psychodynamic Theories 71
Attention to Social Justice Issues 72
Case Illustrations 73
The Angry Attorney 73
The Post-Traumatic Stress Survivor 75
Evidence of Effectiveness 78
Criticisms of the Theory 80
Summary 81
Topics for Discussion 81
Ideas for Classroom Activities/Role-Plays 81
Appendix: Ego Psychology Theory Outline 82
5 The Relational Theories, with a Focus on Object Relations 85
Origins and Social Context 86
C O N T E N T S vii
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The Effects of Early Nurturing 87
Attachment Theory 88
Contemporary Object Relations Theory 89
Major Concepts 89
Relational Theory 91
Developmental Concepts 93
Donald Winnicott 94
Margaret Mahler 95
The Nature of Problems 96
The Nature of Change 97
Assessment and Intervention 98
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 98
Assessment 99
Intervention 100
Ending Intervention 100
Attention to Social Justice Issues 101
Case Illustrations 101
The Wild Child 101
The Group Therapy Intervention 104
Evidence of Effectiveness 106
Criticisms of the Theory 108
Summary 108
Topics for Discussion 108
Ideas for Classroom Activities/Role-Plays 109
Appendix: Object Relations Theory Outline 110
6 Family Emotional Systems Theory 113
Origins and Social Context 115
Analytic Theory 115
Systems Theory 115
Bowen’s Career 116
Major Concepts 117
The Multigenerational Perspective 117
Differentiation of Self 117
Triangles 118
Anxiety and the Nuclear Family Emotional System 119
Parental Projection 120
viii C O N T E N T S
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Fusion and Emotional Cutoff 120
Other Concepts 121
The Nature of Problems and Change 122
Assessment and Intervention 122
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 122
The Genogram 123
Detriangulation 124
Increasing Insight 125
Education 126
Working with Individuals 126
Endings in Family Emotional Systems Theory 126
Spirituality and Family Emotional Systems Theory 127
Attention to Social Justice Issues 128
Case Illustrations 128
The Reeves Family 128
The Charles Family 131
Evidence of Effectiveness 139
Criticisms of the Theory 141
Summary 141
Topics for Discussion 142
Ideas for Role-Plays 143
Appendix: Family Emotional Systems Theory Outline 143
7 Behavior Theory 146
Origins and Social Context 147
Major Concepts 149
The Nature of Problems and Change 149
Classical Conditioning 150
Operant Conditioning 151
Modeling 151
Assessment and Intervention 153
Assessment 153
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 153
Intervention 155
Applied Behavior Analysis 156
Spirituality and Behavior Theory 156
Attention to Social Justice Issues 157
C O N T E N T S ix
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Case Illustrations 158
Mama’s Boy 158
The Smart Shopper 161
Evidence of Effectiveness 164
Criticisms of the Theory 166
Summary 167
Topics for Discussion 167
Ideas for Role-Plays 168
Appendix: Behavior Theory Outline 168
8 Cognitive Theory 171
Origins and Social Context 172
Pragmatism and Logical Positivism 172
Information Processing Theory 173
Personal Construct Theory 173
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck 174
Cognitive Theory in Social Work 174
Major Concepts 175
The Nature of Problems and Change 177
Assessment and Intervention 179
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 179
Assessment 180
Intervention 181
Cognitive Restructuring 181
Cognitive Coping 183
Problem-Solving Skills Development 185
Spirituality and Cognitive Theory 186
Attention to Social Justice Issues 187
Case Illustrations 188
Problem Solving and the Adolescent Girls Group 188
Cognitive Restructuring and the Single Parent 189
Managing Family Friction with Communication Skills Development 190
Combining Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions 192
Improving Cognitive Capacity 193
Improving Behavioral Skills 193
Dialectical Behavior Therapy 194
x C O N T E N T S
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Evidence of Effectiveness 195
Criticisms of the Theory 196
Summary 197
Topics for Discussion 198
Ideas for Classroom Activities/Role-Plays 198
Appendix: Cognitive Theory Outline 199
9 Structural Family Theory 202
Origins and Social Context 203
Major Concepts 205
Executive Authority 205
Subsystems 205
Boundaries 206
Rules 206
Roles 206
Alliances 207
Triangles 207
Flexibility 207
Communication 208
Other Concepts 208
The Nature of Problems and Change 212
Assessment and Intervention 214
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 214
Assessment 214
Intervention 215
Ending Structural Family Interventions 217
Spirituality in Structural Family Theory 218
Attention to Social Justice Issues 219
Case Illustrations 219
The Dalton Family 219
The Family Drawings 224
Evidence of Effectiveness 225
Criticisms of the Theory 227
Summary 228
Topics for Discussion 228
Ideas for Role-Plays 229
Appendix: Structural Family Theory Outline 230
C O N T E N T S xi
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10 Solution-Focused Therapy 233
Origins and Social Context 233
Major Concepts 235
The Nature of Problems and Change 236
Assessment and Intervention 237
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 237
Assessment and Intervention Strategies 238
Ending the Intervention 242
Spirituality and Solution-Focused Intervention 243
Attention to Social Justice Issues 243
Case Illustrations 244
The Journalist 244
The Adolescent Mother 246
Evidence of Effectiveness 248
Criticisms of the Therapy 251
Summary 251
Topics for Discussion 251
Ideas for Classroom Activities/Role-Plays 252
Appendix: Solution-Focused Therapy Outline 252
11 Motivational Interviewing and Enhancement Therapy 255
Origins, Social Context, and Major Concepts 256
The Summary Principles of Motivational Interviewing and Enhancement 258
The Nature of Problems and Change 259
Assessment and Intervention 259
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 259
Assessment 260
Intervention 260
Motivational Enhancement Therapy 264
Spirituality in Motivational Interviewing and Enhancement 267
Attention to Social Justice Issues 268
Case Illustrations 268
The Man at the Medical Shelter 268
The School Brawler 270
Evidence of Effectiveness 272
xii C O N T E N T S
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Criticisms of Motivational Interviewing and Enhancement Therapy 273
Summary 274
Topics for Discussion 275
Ideas for Class Role-Plays 275
Appendix: Motivational Interviewing and Enhancement Outline 275
12 Narrative Theory 278
Origins and Social Context 279
Existentialism 279
Postmodernism 280
Social Constructivism 281
Michael White and David Epston 282
Major Concepts 283
The Personal Narrative 283
Deconstruction 284
Reconstruction, or Reauthoring 284
Celebrating/Connecting 285
The Nature of Problems and Change 285
Assessment and Intervention 287
The Social Worker/Client Relationship 287
Assessment 287
Intervention 288
Normalizing and Strengthening 288
Reflecting (Deconstructing) 289
Considering Cultural and Political Issues 289
Enhancing Changes (Reauthoring or Reconstructing) 289
Celebrating and Connecting 290
Spirituality and Narrative Theory 292
Attention to Social Justice Issues 292
Case Illustrations 293
The Hospice Client 293
Juvenile Sex Offenders 295
Evidence of Effectiveness 297
Outcome Studies 297
Process Studies 299
C O N T E N T S xiii
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Criticisms of the Theory 300
Summary 301
Topics for Discussion 302
Ideas for Role-Plays 302
Appendix: Narrative Theory Outline 303
13 Crisis Theory and Intervention 306
Origins and Social Context 307
Major Concepts 309
Stress 309
Crisis 309
Coping and Adaptation 310
Social Support 312
Assessment and Intervention 313
Overview 313
Assessment 314
A Word about Suicide Assessment 315
Intervention 316
Clinical Case Management 316
From Ego Psychology 317
From Behavior Theory 318
From Cognitive Theory 319
From Structural Family Theory 321
From Solution-Focused Therapy 323
From Narrative Theory 325
Spirituality and Crisis Theory 326
Attention to Social Justice Issues 327
Evidence of Effectiveness 327
Criticisms of the Theory 329
Summary 329
Topics for Discussion 330
Ideas for Role-Plays 330
Appendix: Crisis Theory Outline 331
REFERENCES 333
AUTHOR INDEX 369
SUBJECT INDEX 382
xiv C O N T E N T S
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Preface
T heories for Direct Social Work Practice includes concise but comprehensive cov- erage of 11 major clinical practice theories that social workers commonly use
in their assessment, planning, and intervention tasks with individuals, families, and groups. The purpose of this book is to provide Master of Social Work (MSW) course instructors and students (as well as practicing professionals) with a single volume that incorporates the major theories and intervention strategies used in a variety of direct practice settings. The Theories book is a reso
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