1. What are the functions of the urinary system and kidney? 2. Define the following terms: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion. Which is not a function of the kidney? 3. Create a flow chart or flashcards (or use the nephron diagram handout) to label what happens in each part of the nephron: glomerulus & Bowman’s capsule; proximal convoluted tubule (PCT); loop of Henle (including descending limb vs. ascending limb; distal convoluted tubule (DCT); collecting duct (CD); peritubular capillaries. Include the following processes: • Filtration of the blood • Unregulated reabsorption of the majority of the Na+, Cl- and H2O • Unregulated reabsorption of all of the K+, bicarbonate • Location of glucose and amino acid reabsorption • Secretion of foreign compounds (e.g. antibiotics) • Countercurrent exchange and creating a hypertonic medulla to help concentrate the urine • Permeable to water but NOT salt • Permeable to salt but NOT water • Hormone regulated secretion of electrolytes (e.g. K+) • Location of action of aldosterone • Location of action for ADH • Hormone regulated reabsorption of electrolytes and water • pH regulation 4. Explain how and where filtration occurs. What creates the force to allow for filtration (hint: thing of the afferent vs. efferent arteriole diameter)? What types of materials do cross the filtration barrier and what types of materials don’t? 5. What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and how is it related to blood pressure, blood volume, and urine volume? Describe in words or crate a flow chart the negative feedback mechanism involved in regulating blood pressure in relation to GFR. Include the stimulus, sensor, integrating center, specific efferent pathway, effector and response. 6. Blood and proteins are not normally found in the urine. Why not? Include the relevant parts of the nephron and explain what it might suggest if someone has blood or proteins in their urine. 7. Glucose is not normally found in the urine. Why not? Include the relevant parts of the nephron, an explanation of renal plasma threshold, and what it might suggest if someone has glucose in their urine. 8. What is a diuretic? 9. What is renal clearance? What parts of the nephron and what processes are involved? 10. Why should people avoid high salt diets (especially hypertensive patients)? Create a flow chart or describe in words the negative feedback mechanism involving antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin. Include the following: What kinds of things can stimulate ADH release, what detects the stimulus, and from where is ADH released? What part of the nephron does it act upon and what specific effect does it have there? How do its actions affect blood osmolarity? Blood volume? Blood pressure? Urine volume? 11. Create a flow chart or describe in words the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Include: What triggers the release of renin and what releases it? What does renin do? What does angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) do? What are the roles of angiotensin II? What triggers aldosterone release (2 things) and from where is aldosterone released? On what parts of the nephron does aldosterone act, and what are its effects there with regard to the movement of Na+, K+, and water? How are blood volume and blood pressure affected? 12. What is the normal range of the blood pH? What is the role of your kidney in helping to maintain blood pH? What happens with regard to H+ and HCO3- secretion or reabsorption during acidosis vs. alkalosis? 13. Throughout Unit 3 we have seen that many different organ systems work together to regulate blood pressure. List as many organ systems as you can that are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. For each organ system briefly describe its role(s) in regulating blood pressure. 14. Throughout Unit 3 we have seen that many different organ systems work together to regulate blood pH. List as many organ systems as you can that are involved in regulating blood pH. For each organ system, briefly describe its role(s) the regulation of blood pH. Please do them hand written thank you
