Research Paper: How American Government Frames Youth Problems Assignment Instructions

Overview

In this assignment, you will apply the Learn material in a meaningful way to clarify your understanding of various factors of what collaboration means in the juvenile court systems. What challenges do collaborative efforts face in juvenile justice? The purpose of this assignment will give you the opportunity to apply the Learn material in a meaningful essay application.

Instructions

Your essay discusses what collaboration means in the juvenile justice system. Also, discuss what challenges do collaborative efforts face in juvenile justice:

·       The length of your assignment is four pages.

o   This assignment required a title page, abstract, reference section, all of which are not included in the page count.

·       Your essay format is APA

·       See the assignment rubric for further details of assignment including reference requirements.

·       Peer-reviewed scholarly resources (should be within five years when possible).

·       Assignment must be submitted as a Word document.

 

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

 

Go to the SEC website, and select DEF 14A (Proxy) statements filed in 2018 and 2023 for the selected list of public companies. 

Read the Diversity Policy, as it relates to the Board of Directors, in the proxy statements.

Required: 

Answer the questions below based on what you find in the Proxy Statements for each of the 10 companies attached.

(a) What types of diversity are noted by the companies, in the context of diversity policy for the board of directors, in 2018 vs 2023? (how many types of diversity, and how many companies discuss each type of diversity, etc.)

(b) Do you observe any patterns (based on company characteristics such as size, etc.)?

SEC website:  https://www.sec.gov

BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
This is the formal writing assignment for AWE. Each student will
prepare a 7-10 page APA formatted bio-psycho-social-ecological
assessment. The paper must contain a minimum of 5 academic
quality sources from peer reviewed journals, books, articles, reports,
etc. While online versions of these are acceptable, a WEBPAGE is
NOT an academic source. This assessment explores the social,
biological, psychological and environmental influences on an elderly
person. The paper will thoroughly explore all aspects of the elderly
person’s well-being, wealth, health, happiness/sadness, level of
respect, level of involvement with family/others, etc. The student
may incorporate theories of aging that apply to the interviewee. The
paper will consist of a Title page, abstract page, body, and
references section.
The paper MUST assess all 5 system levels of: The Individual, the
Family, Group Memberships, Agencies Involved, relationship to the
Community.

Please use the Chicago Style for all citations. You may use endnotes or footnotes. Provide a Bibliography also using Chicago Style format. PART 1: Use the following organization and structure: I. Issue and Position (THIS IS A 1-2 PAGE Executive summary) Clearly outline the main problems associated with your trafficking case. Provide a foundation to explain the current situation associated with your topic. After generally describing the issue, list your policy recommendations. PART 2: Detailed Background Information (7-8 PAGES) Be sure to discuss: Historical origin of the problem since the year 2000, particularly how and why the problem arose, and how/why it may have changed over time to the present Explain how the issue relates to the international community and why is it of international concern Evaluate previous actions taken to try and solve the problem (if any), successes and failures of past actions and why they succeeded or failed Problems that continue to exist or ones that have not yet been addressed PART 3: Proposed Solutions Regarding the Issue (2-3 PAGES) Give specific proposals regarding how to solve specific issues. Give each recommendation at least a paragraph of discussion. Explain how each individual policy recommendation will be implemented, including its feasibility, and the possible global impact of implementing these recommendations. It is most important to explain why you think the policy recommendation will work. CONCLUSION: Your conclusion should summarize your recommendations for policies to solve this real world problem, and explain why you think your policy recommendations have the best chance of success based on historical examples or previous experience.

Effective communication is vital to constructing an accurate and detailed patient history. A patient’s health or illness is influenced by many factors, including age, gender, ethnicity, and environmental setting. 

There may also be significant cultural factors. In May 2012, Alice Randall wrote an article for The New York Times on the cultural factors that encouraged Black women to maintain a weight above what is considered healthy. Randall explained from her observations and her personal experience, as a Black woman, that many African American communities and cultures consider women who are overweight to be more beautiful and desirable than women at a healthier weight. As she put it, “Many black women are fat because we want to be” (Randall, 2012). 

Randall’s statements sparked a great deal of controversy and debate at the time; however, they emphasize an underlying reality in the healthcare field: Different populations, cultures, and groups have diverse beliefs and practices that impact their health. APRNs and other healthcare professionals should be aware of this reality and adapt their health assessment techniques and recommendations to accommodate diversity.

As an advanced practice nurse, you must build a patient health history that takes into account all of the factors that make a patient unique and tailor your communication techniques accordingly. Doing so will not only help you establish rapport with each patient, but it will also enable you to more effectively gather the information needed to assess a patient’s health risks. 

For this first Assignment, you will take on the role of an APRN who is building a health history for a particular patient assigned by your Instructor. You will consider how social determinants of health and specific cultural considerations will influence your interview and communication techniques as you work in partnership with the patient to gather data for an accurate health history.  

Note: You are expected to draw on the resources for both Week 1 and Week 2 when completing your Assignment. 

 

To prepare:

·        Reflect on your experience as an advanced practice nurse and on the information provided in the Week 1 Learning Resources on building a health history and the Week 2 Learning Resources on diversity issues in health assessments. 

·        By Day 1 of this week, your Instructor will assign a case study for this Assignment. Note: Please see the Course Announcements section of the classroom for your Case Study Assignment. 

·        Reflect on the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors related to the health of your assigned patient. 

·        Consider how you would build a health history for the patient. What questions would you ask? How might you target your questions based on the patient’s social determinants of health? How would you frame the questions to be sensitive to the patient’s background, lifestyle, and culture? 

·        Identify any potential health-related risks, based on the patient’s age, gender, ethnicity, or environmental setting, which should be taken into consideration. 

·        What risk assessment instruments would be appropriate to use with this patient? 

·        What questions would you ask to assess the patient’s health risks?  

·        Select one (1) risk assessment instrument discussed in the Learning Resources, or another tool with which you are familiar, related to your selected patient. 

·        Develop five (5) targeted questions you would ask the patient to build their health history and to assess their health risks. 

·        Think about the challenges associated with communicating with patients from a variety of specific populations. What communication techniques would be most appropriate to use with this patient? What strategies can you as an APRN employ to be sensitive to different cultural factors while gathering the pertinent information?

Assignment: Building a Health History With Cultural and Diversity Awareness  

Include the following: 

·        Explain the specific socioeconomic, spiritual, lifestyle, and other cultural factors associated with the patient you were assigned. Be specific. 

·        Explain the issues that you would need to be sensitive to when interacting with the patient, and why.  

·        Describe the communication techniques you would use with this patient. Include strategies to demonstrate sensitivity with this patient. Be specific and explain why you would use these techniques. 

·        Summarize the health history interview you would conduct with this patient. Provide at least five (5) targeted questions you would ask the patient to build their health history and to assess their health risks. Explain your reasoning for each question and how you frame each for this specific patient. 

·        Identify the risk assessment instrument you selected, and then justify why it would be applicable to your assigned patient. Be specific. 

1. Analyse the Components of Murder (AC2.1)

Murder involves the unlawful killing of a person with malice aforethought, which means the intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm. In this case, Handley’s involvement in the fight with Mayton and the subsequent death of Mayton could result in a murder charge if it is proven that Handley had the intention to kill or cause serious injury.

Key Components:

• Unlawful Killing: Mayton’s death after being beaten by Handley.
• Malice Aforethought: The prosecution must prove that Handley acted with the intention to cause death or serious harm. Handley’s actions and state of mind during the confrontation will be assessed.

2. Voluntary and Involuntary Manslaughter (AC2.2)

Manslaughter is a lesser charge than murder and can arise in the following circumstances:

Voluntary Manslaughter: This occurs when the defendant intentionally kills someone but has a valid partial defence, such as provocation or diminished responsibility. If Handley’s actions were influenced by provocation or a mental disorder, he could be charged with voluntary manslaughter.

Involuntary Manslaughter: This occurs when someone causes death unintentionally, but due to reckless or negligent actions. If Handley did not intend to kill Mayton but his reckless actions led to the death, he may be charged with involuntary manslaughter.

Key Considerations:

• Handley’s intoxication and claim of self-defence could result in a manslaughter charge if murder is not proven.
• His state of mind at the time of the attack will be important in determining the charge.

3. Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person (AC2.3)

Non-fatal offences involve harm to a person that does not result in death. Potential charges for Handley’s actions include:

• Assault: Intentionally or recklessly causing someone to fear immediate harm.
• Battery: The unlawful application of force on another person.
• Actual Bodily Harm (ABH): Causing injury that is more than trivial.
• Grievous Bodily Harm (GBH): Causing serious injury, either intentionally or recklessly.

Key Considerations:

• The severity of injuries sustained by Mayton will determine which non-fatal offences apply.

4. Types of Inchoate Offences (AC4.1)

Inchoate offences involve crimes that are started but not completed, such as:

• Attempt: Trying to commit a crime but failing.
• Conspiracy: Agreeing with others to commit a crime.
• Incitement: Encouraging or persuading someone to commit a crime.

In this case, Franks might be charged with incitement for encouraging Handley to confront Mayton, or assisting in the commission of the offence.

5. Assisting or Encouraging Crime (AC4.2)

Assisting or encouraging a crime means helping or urging someone to commit a crime.

In this case:

• Franks is alleged to have encouraged the confrontation between Handley and Mayton. If he encouraged Handley to engage in violence, he could be charged with assisting or encouraging a crime.

6. Specific and General Defences (AC5.1)

Specific defences:

• Self-Defence: If Handley believed he was under threat and used reasonable force to protect himself, he may claim self-defence.
• Diminished Responsibility: If Handley was suffering from a mental condition, it could reduce the charge to manslaughter.

General defences:

• Drunkenness: Intoxication can sometimes be used as a defence, but it generally does not excuse criminal actions unless it impacts the ability to form intent.

Handley’s claim of being too drunk to understand his actions may be assessed under the defence of intoxication.

7. Application of Self-Defence Rule (AC5.3)

Self-defence allows a person to use force to protect themselves or others from harm. The force used must be reasonable and necessary.

In this case:

• Handley argues that he acted in self-defence because Mayton threatened him. However, the reasonableness of the force used will be scrutinized. Handley’s intoxicated state may weaken his claim of self-defence, as self-defence requires the belief in an immediate threat.

Merit Grade:

Foresight as Evidence of Intention (ACM2.1):

• If Handley foresaw that his actions might result in death or serious injury but proceeded anyway, this could be used as evidence of his intention to harm Mayton.

Accomplices and Secondary Parties (ACM4.1):

• Franks may be considered an accomplice if he encouraged or assisted Handley in the attack on Mayton. The distinction between an accomplice and a secondary party is important in determining liability.

Distinction Grade:

Negligence as a Form of Mens Rea (ACD2.1):

• Involuntary manslaughter can result from gross negligence. If Handley’s actions were reckless, such as his driving while intoxicated or engaging in the fight while drunk, negligence could be considered as a form of mens rea.

Deficiencies in Existing Rules and Proposals for Reform (ACD2.2):

• There may be issues with how the law handles intoxication and self-defence. Reforms could focus on clearer guidelines regarding the effect of intoxication on intent and the use of force in self-defence situations.

Impact of the Convention on Human Rights on Defences (ACD5.1):

• Human rights law, particularly the right to a fair trial, could influence how defences are applied. Handley and Franks are entitled to a fair hearing, and their rights may impact how defences are considered in this case.

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This unit will develop your knowledge of business and resource management.  You will look at national and local strategies on resource planning and integrated approaches in health and social care.  You will look at the importance of continuity planning and your role within resource management.  You will look at human resources including recruitment and retention and approaches to improve these in the care sector.  You will also look at market provision and how your services fits in the wider market as well as ways it will need to evolve to meet changing demand. 

 Analyse: to study or examine something in detail (looking at all the component parts of the whole) to discover more about it, i.e., what works well, what does not, how is it beneficial.

A conclusion could follow – what possible changes can be made as an improvement.

 Evaluate– to judge or calculate the quality, importance, or value of something: i.e., why this is used, what purpose or value does it have, does it fulfil its purpose.

A conclusion could follow – to continue with the item, discontinue it, or suggest possible changes

Number	Question
1.1	Analyse the impact of national and local strategies and priorities on resource planning and management in relation to: Financial resources, Physical resources, Human resources
1.2	Explain the importance of accurate forecasting for resource requirements
1.3	Evaluate the value of using assets and resources outside traditional services and in the community
1.4	Explain the role of technology as a resource in service delivery and service management
1.5	Explain the meaning of sustainability in terms of resource management in adult social care
1.6	Outline your roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities for resource management within your organisation
1.7	Explain the importance of business continuity planning and the processes available within your organisation
2.1	Outline legislation, policies, and practices underpinning safe and fair recruitment (see below guidance)
2.2 – 2.4	Explain the recruitment, selection, induction, and retention processes in your organisation and your role in each of these
2.3	Evaluate the approaches known to improve recruitment and retention of adult social care staff (see below guidance)
2.5	Explain the importance of ensuring employment practices are free from discrimination and harassment
2.6	Explain how to identify the numbers and patterns of staffing required to provide a person-centred, outcomes-based service
2.7 – 2.8	Describe factors that could influence staffing requirements and patterns and explain how you manage staffing patterns and adjust them to meet changing circumstances
2.9	Explain the importance of succession and contingency planning in relation to the workforce
2.10 – 2.11	Explain your organisation’s performance management procedures and your role within these (see below guidance)
2.12 – 2.13	Explain your organisation’s conduct, discipline, and grievance procedures and your role within these
3.1	Explain how services are commissioned, procured, and funded
3.2	Discuss the current drivers shaping adult social care (see below guidance)
3.3	Explain how your service relates to the wider market and needs of the local population now and in the future
3.4	Assess how your service will need to evolve to meet the demand for social care services now and in the future
3.5	Outline the barriers to evolving, adapting, and meeting the demand for social care services now and in the future
4.1	Explain what is meant by an integrated health and social care system (see below guidance)
4.2	Analyse the rationale and legislative context for integrated approaches to service provision (see below guidance)
4.3	Assess local and national initiatives to better integrate health and social care systems and services (see below guidance)
4.4	Evaluate the impact of greater integration of systems and processes on working practices and relationships (see below guidance)

Guidance

Legislation, regulations, and guidance: may include, but is not limited to:

• Equality Act 2010
• Working Time Regulations 1998
• CQC regulations
• Disclosure and Barring Service checks
• Confirming identify and seeking references

Approaches may include, but are not limited to:

• Recruiting people with the right values and behaviours
• Understanding the local area to inform business planning
• Innovative strategies to attract candidates in the local community e.g. referral programmes
• Offering a supportive induction, quality training, career progression routes, good working
• Conditions, rewards, recognition, flexibility, and competitive pay rates.

Factors could include, but are not limited to:

• changing care and support needs of individuals
• increases/decreases in demand for support services
• holiday/festive periods
• sickness
• weather conditions

Performance management procedures are the policies and procedures used within the service to plan, monitor, develop and improve employees’ performance

Drivers must include funding mechanisms and related service gaps in current market provision. Drivers may include, but are not limited to, national policy or local initiatives and which may impact planned and expected outcomes or activities

Integrated health and social care system ensures better outcomes for people through a seamless experience. Systems work together in a coordinated way. Builds support around the individual.

Rationale can include

• Providing person-centred, compassionate care and support in a way that makes sense to the individual accessing services to reflect their lives, needs and wishes
• The changing patterns of population needs e.g. ageing population, complex care and health needs, financial pressures, widening health inequalities, stalling improvements in life expectancy
• Prevention and early intervention
• Move to more community-based practices that break down traditional barriers

Local and national initiatives may include, but are not limited to:

• Integrated Care Systems
• Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships
• Primary Care Networks
• Enhanced Health in Care Homes Framework
• Ageing Well programme

Working practices and relationships may include, but are not limited to

• Discharge arrangements
• Integrated assessment and care planning
• Multi-disciplinary working arrangements
• Data governance

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SCENARIO:

You work as a design engineer for a small manufacturing company and have been asked to meet with a potential customer. The company mass produces Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) for laptop computers, in factories across Asia, the Far East and South America. Currently PCBs are being inspected by hand, but errors and damage have occurred on some production lines.

They require an adjustable jig that can be used in all the manufacturing facilities, on each of the production lines, and can hold a variety of different sizes and weights of PCBs. The jig is to be attached to a workbench and it should rotate and swivel to allow inspection of the PCB from any angle and both sides of the board.

Task

Part 1: Preparing a design specification

With reference to the customer brief above you should produce a design specification, using a standard template, which meets all the customer requirements. In addition, you should present a project schedule for the design of the product. You should consider the importance, sequence and timing of each activity within your plan and provide illustrations of these.

To determine whether your brief is appropriate you should compare and contrast it with the supplied industry standard specification.

To complete this part, the following elements should also be undertaken:

• Research the characteristics of PCBs used in laptop computers and existing inspection jigs/fixtures/techniques
• Study the customers/stakeholder’s requirements, explaining how these influence the preparation of the design brief
• Explain the use of Critical Path Analysis (CPA) in managing a project
• Evaluate the potential planning techniques available and justify the preferred method.

Part 2: Formulating possible technical solutions

Having completed your design specification, you have been asked to present a suggested design solution, based upon your design specification from Part 1. Your presentation should include an evaluation of at least three different solutions and make the case for your proposed final choice.

To complete this part, the following elements should also be undertaken:

• The use of software to model/simulate/prototype different solutions, based on annotated sketches/CAD models/drawings. Technical Engineering Drawings 
• The use of industry standard evaluation techniques, such as cause and effect diagrams, forced decision making or a Pugh matrix. SWOT Analysis

Part 3: Preparing an industry standard engineering technical design report

Your manager likes your design proposal and would like you to formally report on this technical solution. You should produce an industry standard design report, and part of this report should incorporate an evaluation of the effectiveness of this report in terms of whether it will allow the production of a finished product that meets the manufacturers and customer’s requirements.

To complete this part, the following elements should be incorporated/considered within your design report:

• An explanation of the role of design specifications and standards
• An assessment of your design solution including an identification of the limitations, compliance, standards, safety, and risk management issues.
• Appropriate referencing and citation should be used.

Part 2: Formulating possible technical solutions

Having completed your design specification, you have been asked to present a suggested design solution, based upon your design specification from Part 1. Your presentation should include an evaluation of at least three different solutions and make the case for your proposed final choice.

To complete this part, the following elements should also be undertaken:

• The use of software to model/simulate/prototype different solutions, based on annotated sketches/CAD models/drawings. Technical Engineering Drawings

• The use of industry standard evaluation techniques, such as cause and effect diagrams, forced decision making or a Pugh matrix. SWOT Analysis

Part 3: Preparing an industry standard engineering technical design report

Your manager likes your design proposal and would like you to formally report on this technical solution. You should produce an industry standard design report, and part of this report should incorporate an evaluation of the effectiveness of this report in terms of whether it will allow the production of a finished product that meets the manufacturers and customer’s requirements.

To complete this part, the following elements should be incorporated/considered within your design report:

• An explanation of the role of design specifications and standards
• An assessment of your design solution including an identification of the limitations, compliance, standards, safety, and risk management issues.
• Appropriate referencing and citation should be used.

Learning Outcomes Table

Learning Outcome	Pass Criteria (P)	Merit Criteria (M)	Distinction Criteria (D)
LO1: Plan a design solution and prepare an engineering design specification in response to a stakeholder’s design brief and requirements	P1: Produce a design specification from a given design brief. P2: Explain the influence of the stakeholder’s design brief and requirements in the preparation of the design specification. P3: Produce a design project schedule with a graphical illustration of the planned activities.	M1: Evaluate potential planning techniques, presenting a case for the method chosen. M2: Demonstrate critical path analysis techniques in design project scheduling/planning and explain its use.	D1: Compare and contrast the completed design specification against the relevant industry standard specification.
LO2: Formulate possible technical solutions to address the student-prepared design specification	P4: Explore industry standard evaluation and analytical tools in formulating possible technical solutions. P5: Use appropriate design techniques to produce a possible design solution.	M3: Apply the principles of modelling, simulation and/or prototyping, using appropriate software, to develop an appropriate design solution.	D2: Evaluate potential technical solutions, presenting a case for the final choice of solution.
LO3: Prepare an industry-standard engineering technical design report	P6: Prepare an industry-standard engineering technical design report. P7: Explain the role of design specifications and standards in the technical design report.	M4: Assess any compliance, safety and risk management issues specific to the technical design report.	D3: Evaluate the effectiveness of the industry standard engineering technical design report for producing a fully compliant finished product.
LO4: Present to an audience a design solution based on the design report and evaluate the solution/presentation	P8: Present the recommended design solution to the identified audience. P9: Explain possible communication strategies and presentation methods that could be used to inform the stakeholders of the recommended solution.	M5: Reflect on the effectiveness of the chosen communication strategy in presenting the design solution.	D4: Justify potential improvements to the design solution and/or presentation based on reflection and/or feedback.

 

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Question A (30 marks). Word Limit: 500 words.

The aim of this question is to test your research, paraphrasing and referencing skills.

• Using the SOAS library website, find an article titled ‘The importance of possession in the common law tradition’ by Sukhninder Panesar. It was published in the Coventry Law Journal in 2003
• In 500 words or fewer, provide a summary of the article.
• Your summary must state, in your own words, the main argument of the article.
• Make sure you include one direct quote of 1 line.
• Make sure you include one direct quote of more than three lines.
• Both these quotes must be relevant and properly embedded in your answer. Please refer to the OSCOLA guide for how to embed quotes.
• Make sure you provide proper footnotes to your answer and include a bibliographic reference at the end of your answer. The references should be to the page numbers in the journal article (i.e, the .pdf version of the article), not the website from where you found it.

Question B (30 marks)

There are two parts to this question. This question tests your ability to find cases, compare them and express their reasoning in your own words.

Part 1 (15 marks. Word limit: 250 words)

• Go to Westlaw. Find a 2018 Supreme Court decision Regency Villas Title Ltd v Diamond Resorts (Europe) Ltd.
• In 250 words or less, provide a summary of the facts, the decision, and the reasoning of the majority in the case.

Include one direct long quotation (more than 3 lines). For illustrations on how to embed quotations, please refer the OSCOLA guide. When providing footnotes, please refer to the reported judgment (i.e., the .pdf version of the judgment) and not to a website.

Part 2 (15 marks. Word limit: 250 words)

• Next, staying in Westlaw and find the Court of Appeal decision of that case.
• In 250 words or less: provide a summary of this latter case and explain why you think the judge in the Supreme Court dissented on the appeal?
• Include one direct short quote (of 1 line). For illustrations on how to embed quotations, please refer the OSCOLA guide. When providing footnotes, please refer to the reported judgment (i.e., the .pdf version of the judgment) and not to a website.

Provide proper footnotes with reference to page numbers from the reported judgement (i.e., not to a website) throughout and bibliographic references for the entire answer at the end of Part 2.

Question C (40 marks)

These are questions from a previous exam paper. Provide an answer outline (which does not require to be properly referenced with footnotes) to the following question. An outline will tell us briefly, the main argument, the structure of the argument and what authorities (e.g., case law, statutes, or scholarly opinions) you rely on to make the argument.

Please provide an outline for both parts (a) and (b). Word limit: 250 words for part (a) and 250 words for part (b).

a) Adil owns a small house in Brighton, which he inherited from his mother. In 2015, he meets Jasbir, who worked as an investment banker in London. They begin a relationship soon after and Jasbir gives up his banker job and joins a startup in Brighton to be closer to Adil, but suffers a huge pay cut in the bargain. In 2018 Adil asks Jasbir to move in with him. Jasbir thereafter plays an active part in the upkeep of the house.

He pays for the groceries, pays the property tax bills and also takes care of the cost of internet and other bills. After a couple of years, Jasbir began to feel like he was bearing an unfair amount of the costs, particularly since Adil did not incur any expenses apart from repairs to the house (which Adil took care of in entirety). During a dinner party at their home, a fight occurred between the two, when Adil said in front of the guests that he did not understand why Jasbir was so agitated as “all that is mine is Jasbir’s”. With that thought in mind, Jasbir became more invested in the house.

Against Adil’s wishes, Jasbir hired a landscape artist to fix the backyard and turn it into a beautiful garden. When guests came visiting thereafter, Adil always made it a point to tell everyone how Jasbir insisted on landscaping the backyard against his wishes. However, Adil admitted that he enjoyed having outdoor dinner parties now because of the garden. Last year Adil met with an accident and died from the injuries. In his will, he left all his property to his mother’s sister, his aunt Malala. Malala asked Jasbir to leave the property in a month’s time. Advise Jasbir.

1. b)   ‘Property is not a thing, but the terms of a relationship expressed through the thing.’ Explain and critically evaluate.

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Overview

1. Three Laboratory Exercises:
   • Composite action in a beam.
   • Torsion of a shaft.
   • Membrane stresses in a pressure vessel.
2. Tasks Overview:
   • Data collection (in lab sessions).
   • Analysis (independent study time).
   • A single report submission at the end of semester 1.

Marking Criteria

Criterion	Pass (40%-50%)	Excellent (70%+)
Accuracy of Calculations (45%)	Basic parameter assessment with minimal errors.	Complete and insightful calculations beyond basic equations.
Presentation (35%)	Calculations clear and understandable.	Professionally presented, with precise use of diagrams/graphs.
Experimental Context (20%)	Appreciation of imperfections in experiments.	Critical appraisal and improvement suggestions.

Exercise 1: Composite Action in a Beam

Data Collection

1. Setup:
   • Apparatus investigates Euler’s Beam Theory (refer to Figures 1.1 and 1.2).
   • Test two beam types:
     • Bonded (steel + aluminium glued).
     • Unbonded (steel + aluminium not glued).
2. Procedure:
   • Zero the strain gauge.
   • Incrementally load weights (30N to 150N) and record strain data for each strain gauge.
3. Report Content:
   • Two Tables:
     • One for bonded beam.
     • One for unbonded beam, showing weight and strain gauge readings.

Analysis

1. Tasks:
   • Write an expression for the force FFF in terms of weight WWW, dimensions mmm, and nnn.
   • Write an expression for the bending moment MMM at mid-span.
   • Plot strain vs. vertical position for the 150N load for both beams and theoretical predictions.
2. Report Content:
   • Two tables (moment and strain gauge readings).
   • One graph (experimental vs. theoretical strain).
   • Explanation of behavior differences between bonded and unbonded beams.

Exercise 2: Torsion of a Shaft

Data Collection

1. Setup:
   • Apparatus measures rotation response to torque.
   • Test aluminium and steel bars at two lengths (300mm and 160mm).
2. Procedure:
   • Record shaft rotation for different weights (0.25kg and 0.5kg).
   • Measure lever arm and shaft diameters.
3. Report Content:
   • Table showing rotation readings for each setup.
   • Notes on lever arm and shaft diameters.

Analysis

1. Tasks:
   • Convert weights to torque.
   • Estimate shear modulus for materials based on rotation vs. torque plots.
2. Report Content:
   • Table (mass, torque, rotation, length).
   • Graphs (rotation vs. torque for all setups).
   • Calculations and error discussion.

Exercise 3: Membrane Stresses in a Pressure Vessel

Data Collection

1. Setup:
   • Thin-walled cylinder (aluminium) subjected to internal pressure.
   • Strain gauges measure strain in axial and tangential directions.
2. Procedure:
   • Record strain readings for:
     • Closed condition: Bi-axial stress.
     • Open condition: Uni-axial stress.
3. Report Content:
   • Table showing strain for both conditions.

Analysis

1. Tasks:
   • Predict longitudinal and hoop stresses.
   • Draw Mohr’s circle for each condition.
   • Calculate yield pressure and theoretical hoop strain.
   • Compare predictions with experimental strains.
2. Report Content:
   • Mohr’s circle (theoretical).
   • Yield pressure calculation.
   • Hoop and longitudinal strain calculations.
   • Comparison and error discussion.

Key Figures and Tables

Beam Test Setup (Figures 1.1 & 1.2):

• Dimensions and strain gauge positions.
• Loading beam ratio.

Torsion Test Equipment (Figure 2.1):

• Rotating and fixed chucks.
• Lever arm details.

Pressure Vessel Setup (Figure 3.2):

• Hydraulic pump, manometer, and strain gauge arrangement.

Material Properties Tables:

• Young’s modulus:
  • Steel: 200 kN/mm².
  • Aluminium: 70 kN/mm².
• Pressure Vessel:
  • Outer diameter: 75mm.
  • Wall thickness: 2.5mm.

 

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